BNP Paribas

Treasury Management in Argentina

Report date: 
1 Oct 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
BOPREAL bonds, Cash - deposits, Cash Repatriation, Trapped cash, FX, Hedging FX, Political Risk
Service providers discussed in this report: 
ICBC, BNP Paribas, BBVA, Santander, Citi, JP Morgan, Itau

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Corporate Treasury: Approaches to Cash Pooling

Report date: 
17 Sep 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Zero balance accounts, in-house bank, withholding tax, Tax, Notional Pooling, Virtual accounts, POBO/ROBO, Target Balance Account
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Bank Mendes Gans, BNP Paribas, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Citi, Bank of America, MUFG, Standard Chartered, Commerzbank, PNC, Bank of Montreal

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Banking & Cash Management in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates

Report date: 
18 Jun 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Accounts, Bank Relationships, Cash - deposits, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Cash Repatriation, Local ownership
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Bank of America

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User Experiences with Virtual Bank Accounts

Report date: 
20 May 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
Virtual accounts, POBO/ROBO, COBO, in-house bank, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, payroll
Service providers discussed in this report: 
BNP Paribas, Citi, JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, Barclays, HSBC, FIS, Coupa, Blackline, SAP, Deutsche Bank

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Corporate Treasury, Banking & FX in India

Report date: 
1 Apr 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
FX, Hedging FX, Funding, GiftCity, Bank Relationships, Collections - domestic
Service providers discussed in this report: 
DBS, Citi, JP Morgan, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, ICICI, HDFC, State Bank of India, Kotak Mahindra Bank, SWIFT, 360T, Bloomberg

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Managing KYC & AML in Corporate Treasury

Report date: 
27 Jan 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
KYC, AML
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Citi, Société Générale, ING, BNP Paribas, JP Morgan

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Corporate Treasury & FX in Turkey

Report date: 
24 Oct 2024

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Topics covered in this report: 
Funding, Intercompany loans, FX, Hedging FX, Working Capital, Banking, Bank Relationships
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Deutsche Bank, BNP Paribas, Citi, TEB, HSBC, FXall

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China Cash Pooling - Approaches & Experiences : Corporate Treasury

Report date: 
8 Jul 2024

This discussion explored the complexities of cash pooling in China, a topic that frequently arises in treasury conversations. While the goal was to clarify the regulatory landscape and operational requirements, the findings reinforced the reality that rules remain open to interpretation and can vary significantly depending on the bank and regulatory body involved.

Peers examined the key distinctions between domestic and cross-border pooling, the regulatory approvals required, and the different approaches banks offer. The discussion also touched on challenges related to tax considerations, currency exposure, and the evolving stance of authorities on approvals and compliance.

Rather than a single, definitive framework, the session highlighted the diversity of experiences and strategies companies use to navigate cash pooling in China. For treasurers managing liquidity across borders, this report provides critical insights into practical considerations, regulatory nuances, and emerging trends. The full version offers further details on bank-specific practices, tax implications, and risk management approaches.

 

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Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, transfer pricing, Bank Relationships, Entrustment loans
Service providers discussed in this report: 
HSBC, JP Morgan, PBOC, SAFE, ICBC, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Citi, BNP Paribas, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank

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Corporate Treasury Approaches to Managing Geopolitical Risk

Report date: 
8 Mar 2024

Commentary

Geopolitical risk, or simply political risk, is a major challenge for treasurers. We had all become used to viewing Iran, North Korea and Myanmar as off limits, and handling issues in Venezuela and Argentina. But the Russian invasion of Ukraine and escalating trade tensions between the US, the EU and China have made the world a more dangerous place.

This call was scheduled at the request of one member, who was looking for ways to measure political risk, or at least get external indicators they can use to convince management to tread carefully. More on that below. But we quickly moved to discussing what to do, once you have identified the risk. After all, if management wants to do business in a risky country, treasury has to make it happen. 

Generally, peers participated in senior level discussions on strategy and objectives, but felt their main contribution was through managing the balance sheet:

  • Cash repatriation: the main way treasurers can reduce immediate risk is by repatriating restricted and trapped cash. This often involves a cost: withholding tax in the case of dividends, or creating accounting losses on currency conversion. Tax departments and CFOs have to be persuaded this is the right thing to do. Several participants regularly circulate the amount of trapped cash by country to the business, and even the board of directors: this helps change attitudes.
  • Change the business model: this is more difficult, but it can involve moving to invoicing in hard currency to reduce FX risk, or moving to selling through remarketers. One participant has moved from a single manufacturing location in China to multiple production sites in different regions. This was partly due to COVID disruptions and supply chain concerns, but it also addresses the potential exposure due to increasing tensions with China. 
  • Change the funding structure: in some markets, participants have moved from funding via intercompany loans from offshore locations to onshore external borrowing. This reduces the net exposure – provided the company is willing to walk away from the local debt in a crisis. In turn, that raises a series of issues – but at least, it gives more options. It is often more expensive.
  • Manage the accounting exposure: some

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Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Repatriation, Funding, Political Risk
Service providers discussed in this report: 
BNP Paribas, Economist Intelligence Unit, Brown & Brown, Bloomberg

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