Cash Pooling - domestic

Cash Management & Banking in Canada

Report date: 
24 Jun 2026

Commentary

Many people in the US consider Canada to be their 51st state. It often comes as a surprise to MNCs which operate there that this is not the case: in fact, Canada can present surprising challenges for businesses. Not only are there two official languages – and French is often mandatory for dealing with the government in Quebec - but laws and regulations can vary significantly across the thirteen provinces and territories. And, of course, the US is not all plain sailing for non-US MNCs, but that is a different discussion……

 

In this call, peers focused on two areas where they found Canada to be challenging:

  • Cheques: Canadian businesses are even more addicted to this payment instrument than their neighbours to the south – and the cutoff times are not always helpful. Most peers have established lockboxes: all the banks offer this service, but some peers still physically carry the cheques they receive to their banks.
  • Cross border cash pooling: this presents potential issues, as Revenue Canada can reclassify cross border payments as deemed dividends, in the absence of convincing proof to the contrary. The standard withholding tax on dividends is 25%, though tax treaties with most developed nations reduce this to 5% or 15%. It can be material.

From a banking point of view, most peers are able to use their global relationship banks to satisfy their needs: HSBC exited in 2024; Citi, JPMorgan and Bank of America were mentioned, but are not necessarily present everywhere. Foreign ownership of Canadian banks was restricted until 1989, and Canadian banking regulations are still quite stringent.

The discussion about the deemed dividend rule was lively and not conclusive. Most banks are happy to provide cross border cash pooling, but, as always, they are not prepared to offer tax advice – they are particularly reluctant to do so here. This has led several peers to either suspend their cross border pools, not implement them, or use workarounds. CompleXCountries does not provide tax advice, either: the following is a summary of the discussion, supplemented by Google searches. Any MNC implementing or managing a cross border pool should seek direct professional tax advice.

  • In the absence of solid evidence to the contrary, Revenue Canada can consider a payment to an affiliate outside the country to be a deemed dividend, and levy the applicable rate of withholding tax (WHT). For most peers, tax treaties would reduce this to 5% or 15%, depending on the country and ownership percentage.
  • This rule is not unusual.......... Please Register / Log In to read the rest of this commentary

     

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Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, POBO/ROBO, Cheques, Lockbox, Investments, Cash Repatriation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, Bank of America, HSBC, BMO, TD, Royal Bank of Canada, Bank Mendes Gans, CIBC, Scotia

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Corporate Treasury & Banking in Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia & Herzegovina and North Macedonia

Report date: 
13 Apr 2026

The Balkans is a difficult environment for corporate treasurers. Regulatory complexity, FX controls, multiple languages and scripts and limited presence of international banks mean that work arounds are often required. For example, SEPA (the Single European Payments Area): requires international transfer fees within the area to be aligned with local ones -  Most countries now price cross border transfers as local ones; Greece does the opposite. As a result, internal transfers in Greece are prohibitively expensive.

 

Our detailed report covers Treasurers’ experiences and approaches to Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and  North Macedonia.

 

Banks discussed in the report include: Citi,Raiffeisen Bank, UniCredit, BNP Paribas, Société Générale, Alpha Bank, National Bank of Greece, Piraeus Bank, Eurobank, Zagrebačka Banka, OTP Bank, Komercijalna Banka Skopje and  BRD Société Générale.

 

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Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Relationships, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, FX, Payments - cross border, Payments - domestic, payroll, KYC, Cash Repatriation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
BNP Paribas, Raiffeisen, Unicredit, Citi, Société Générale, Alpha Bank, National Bank of Greece, Piraeus Bank, Eurobank, Zagrebačka Banka, OTP Bank, Komercijalna Banka Skopje

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Corporate Treasury & Banking in China

Report date: 
10 Feb 2026

Log in / Register to read the latest CompleXCountries (CXC) commentary on Corporate Treasury & Banking in China has now been published. It adds to a growing archive of corporate treasury knowledge relating to China - Browse 18 commentaries with associated reports here - all sourced from detailed confidential peer discussions between the treasurers of multinational companies with operations in China - the report  includes approaches and experiences with:

  • Regulatory environment and regulatory uncertainty
  • Engagement with regulators and regional variation
  • Cross-border cash pooling frameworks (SAFE and PBOC)
  • Cash repatriation methods (dividends, pooling, intercompany loans)
  • Trapped cash and liquidity management
  • Use and limitations of cross-border and back-to-back loans
  • Decisions not to implement pooling and alternative structures (notional pooling)
  • Relationships with local Chinese banks versus international banks
  • Service quality and challenges with Chinese banks
  • Role and performance of international banks
  • Domestic cash pooling and cash reporting
  • FX management, interest rates, and bank competition
  • Onshore (CNY) versus offshore (CNH) renminbi markets
  • Short-term investments 
  • Funding structures (equity, intercompany loans, onshore bank loans)
  • Supplier financing programmes and associated regulatory/KYC issues

International banks discussed in the report include: HSBC, Standard Chartered, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, Mizuho, Commerzbank and Citi

Chinese Banks include ICBC &  Bank of China

Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Money Market Funds, Investments, Supply Chain Finance, Bank Relationships, FX, Hedging FX, guarantees
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Standard Chartered, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Citi, JP Morgan, Mizuho, Commerzbank, Bank of China, ICBC, amundi

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Corporate Treasury & Banking in Israel

Report date: 
3 Dec 2025

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The new CompleXCountries report on Banking and Corporate Treasury in Israel has now been published and is available to subscribers or can be purchased individually. The report is based on a detailed peer discussion between senior corporate treasury professionals from Europe, the Middle East and Asia in which they shared and compared their approach and experiences with managing their corporate treasury in Israel and compared experiences with different banking partners.

The report includes:

  • Integration with global treasury structures
  • Banking relationships - local & global banks
  • Language and system challenges
  • Withholding tax challenges
  • Local organisational structures
  • Cash pooling practices, domestic, cross border (physical and notional).
  • Local payments & collections
  • Funding
  • Contingency planning

Service providers discussed in this report include: HSBC, Citi, Bank Mendes Gans, Bank Leumi, Bank Hapoalim and  Mercantile.

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Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Relationships, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, withholding tax, Payments - domestic, Payments - cross border, Business continuity
Service providers discussed in this report: 
HSBC, Bank Mendes Gans, Citi, Bank Leumi

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Corporate Treasury, FX & Bank Relationships in Egypt

Report date: 
24 Nov 2025

The full report covers current practices in relation to the list below. To read our commentary (analysis and key findings)  please Log In or Register

  • Foreign exchange regulations and practices
  • Use and management of Letters of Credit (LCs)
  • FX availability 
  • Methods of managing foreign currency flows
  • Payment terms in the market
  • Funding structures and intercompany financing
  • Cash management and liquidity
  • Exchange-rate exposure and losses
  • Corporate legal structures in Egypt
  • Local vs. imported manufacturing setups
  • Bank relationships and banking landscape
  • Geopolitical context and external investments
  • Overall business environment and operating conditions

Service providers discussed  in the full report: HSBC, Citi, Standard Chartered

 

Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Relationships, Hedging FX, FX, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Funding, Investments, Letters of Credit (LC)
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Citi, HSBC, Standard Chartered

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Corporate Treasury & FX in Brazil

Report date: 
5 Nov 2025

The full report covers current practices in relation to the list below. To read our commentary (analysis and key findings)  please Log In or Register

  • Changes to IOF tax and its impact on FX, loans, and domestic cash structures
  • FX transaction practices 
  • Cross-border funding and capital structure considerations
  • Potential introduction of dividend withholding tax
  • Viability of including Brazil in a notional pooling structure under new rules
  • Use of boletos and e-boletos for collections
  • Adoption and growth of the Pix payment system
  • FX hedging, interest rates and BRL volatility
  • Use of structured products and offshore hedging
  • Investment of surplus cash
  • Payroll practices 
  • Tax payments
  • Working Capital Finance
  • Bank Relationships: local vs. global banks and service levels
  • Regulatory, tax and operating environment in Brazil

Service providers discussed  in the full report: Bradesco, Itaú, Banco do Brasil, Santander, Citi, JPMorgan, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Bank Mendes Gans, Deutsche Bank, BBVA, Caixa, FXall and 360T

 

Topics covered in this report: 
FX, Hedging FX, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Working Capital, Supply Chain Finance, Factoring, Tax, withholding tax, Dividends, Boletos, PIX, Investments
Service providers discussed in this report: 
360T, FXall, BBVA, Bradesco, Itau, JP Morgan, Santander, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Banco de Brasil, Citi, Bank Mendes Gans, caixa, Deutsche Bank

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How MNCs manage Corporate Treasury in Turkey

Report date: 
22 Oct 2025

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Topics covered in this report include:

  • Turkey’s recent economic conditions and inflation trends
  • Currency depreciation and exchange rate developments
  • Business and regulatory environment in Turkey
  • Tax structure and compliance challenges
  • Funding options and financing practices for companies
  • Use and impact of the Resource Utilisation Support Fund (RUSF)
  • Stamp duty and its implications for loans
  • Inter-company loans and cash management strategies
  • Hedging approaches and accounting under hyperinflation
  • Treatment of interest and foreign exchange transactions
  • Equity funding and capital management in subsidiaries
  • Cash pooling arrangements and restrictions
  • Role of international and local banks in Turkey
  • Bureaucracy and documentation requirements
  • Payment processing and local PSP requirements
  • Overall outlook and long-term confidence in the Turkish market

Banks discussed in this report include: Bank Mendes Gans, JP Morgan, Garanti, TEB, Citi, and ING

 

Topics covered in this report: 
Accounting Measurements, Bank Relationships, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Cash Repatriation, Cash Pooling - cross border, Investments, Funding, Working Capital, Tax, PSP, FX, Hedging FX, Inflation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, BNP Paribas, Bank Mendes Gans, ING, TEB, Garanti BBVA, Citi

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Corporate Treasury: Approaches to Cash Pooling

Report date: 
17 Sep 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Zero balance accounts, in-house bank, withholding tax, Tax, Notional Pooling, Virtual accounts, POBO/ROBO, Target Balance Account
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Bank Mendes Gans, BNP Paribas, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Citi, Bank of America, MUFG, Standard Chartered, Commerzbank, PNC, Bank of Montreal

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Banking & Cash Management Challenges in South East Asia

Report date: 
10 Jul 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
ASEAN, Bank Relationships, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Trapped cash, KYC, Cash Repatriation, FX, Regional Treasury Centre, Regulatory relationships
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, DBS, Standard Chartered, Deutsche Bank, Citi, HSBC, Bank Ayudhya (MUFG), MUFG, Mizuho, Bank of America, Bank of PhilippineIslands, Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangkok Bank, Kyriba, Starfish Digital

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Banking & Cash Management in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates

Report date: 
18 Jun 2025

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Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Accounts, Bank Relationships, Cash - deposits, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Cash Repatriation, Local ownership
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Bank of America

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