Investments

Corporate Treasury & Banking in China

Report date: 
10 Feb 2026

Log in / Register to read the latest CompleXCountries (CXC) commentary on Corporate Treasury & Banking in China has now been published. It adds to a growing archive of corporate treasury knowledge relating to China - Browse 18 commentaries with associated reports here - all sourced from detailed confidential peer discussions between the treasurers of multinational companies with operations in China - the report  includes approaches and experiences with:

  • Regulatory environment and regulatory uncertainty
  • Engagement with regulators and regional variation
  • Cross-border cash pooling frameworks (SAFE and PBOC)
  • Cash repatriation methods (dividends, pooling, intercompany loans)
  • Trapped cash and liquidity management
  • Use and limitations of cross-border and back-to-back loans
  • Decisions not to implement pooling and alternative structures (notional pooling)
  • Relationships with local Chinese banks versus international banks
  • Service quality and challenges with Chinese banks
  • Role and performance of international banks
  • Domestic cash pooling and cash reporting
  • FX management, interest rates, and bank competition
  • Onshore (CNY) versus offshore (CNH) renminbi markets
  • Short-term investments 
  • Funding structures (equity, intercompany loans, onshore bank loans)
  • Supplier financing programmes and associated regulatory/KYC issues

International banks discussed in the report include: HSBC, Standard Chartered, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, Mizuho, Commerzbank and Citi

Chinese Banks include ICBC &  Bank of China

Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Money Market Funds, Investments, Supply Chain Finance, Bank Relationships, FX, Hedging FX, guarantees
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Standard Chartered, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Citi, JP Morgan, Mizuho, Commerzbank, Bank of China, ICBC, amundi

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Corporate Treasury, FX & Bank Relationships in Egypt

Report date: 
24 Nov 2025

The full report covers current practices in relation to the list below. To read our commentary (analysis and key findings)  please Log In or Register

  • Foreign exchange regulations and practices
  • Use and management of Letters of Credit (LCs)
  • FX availability 
  • Methods of managing foreign currency flows
  • Payment terms in the market
  • Funding structures and intercompany financing
  • Cash management and liquidity
  • Exchange-rate exposure and losses
  • Corporate legal structures in Egypt
  • Local vs. imported manufacturing setups
  • Bank relationships and banking landscape
  • Geopolitical context and external investments
  • Overall business environment and operating conditions

Service providers discussed  in the full report: HSBC, Citi, Standard Chartered

 

Topics covered in this report: 
Bank Relationships, Hedging FX, FX, Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Funding, Investments, Letters of Credit (LC)
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Citi, HSBC, Standard Chartered

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Corporate Treasury & FX in Brazil

Report date: 
5 Nov 2025

The full report covers current practices in relation to the list below. To read our commentary (analysis and key findings)  please Log In or Register

  • Changes to IOF tax and its impact on FX, loans, and domestic cash structures
  • FX transaction practices 
  • Cross-border funding and capital structure considerations
  • Potential introduction of dividend withholding tax
  • Viability of including Brazil in a notional pooling structure under new rules
  • Use of boletos and e-boletos for collections
  • Adoption and growth of the Pix payment system
  • FX hedging, interest rates and BRL volatility
  • Use of structured products and offshore hedging
  • Investment of surplus cash
  • Payroll practices 
  • Tax payments
  • Working Capital Finance
  • Bank Relationships: local vs. global banks and service levels
  • Regulatory, tax and operating environment in Brazil

Service providers discussed  in the full report: Bradesco, Itaú, Banco do Brasil, Santander, Citi, JPMorgan, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Bank Mendes Gans, Deutsche Bank, BBVA, Caixa, FXall and 360T

 

Topics covered in this report: 
FX, Hedging FX, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Working Capital, Supply Chain Finance, Factoring, Tax, withholding tax, Dividends, Boletos, PIX, Investments
Service providers discussed in this report: 
360T, FXall, BBVA, Bradesco, Itau, JP Morgan, Santander, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Banco de Brasil, Citi, Bank Mendes Gans, caixa, Deutsche Bank

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

How MNCs manage Corporate Treasury in Turkey

Report date: 
22 Oct 2025

To read this commentary please Register or Log In.

CXC reports are based on confidential peer discussions between senior corporate treasurers sharing their solutions to complex treasury challenges.

Our commentaries, comprising the key findings from the reports are FREE - simply register to access 150+ commentaries and receive new commentaries direct to your inbox.

Our reports are packed with practical, experience based learning allowing users to benchmark their operations and identify proven, actionable efficiencies - please get in touch for details.

Topics covered in this report include:

  • Turkey’s recent economic conditions and inflation trends
  • Currency depreciation and exchange rate developments
  • Business and regulatory environment in Turkey
  • Tax structure and compliance challenges
  • Funding options and financing practices for companies
  • Use and impact of the Resource Utilisation Support Fund (RUSF)
  • Stamp duty and its implications for loans
  • Inter-company loans and cash management strategies
  • Hedging approaches and accounting under hyperinflation
  • Treatment of interest and foreign exchange transactions
  • Equity funding and capital management in subsidiaries
  • Cash pooling arrangements and restrictions
  • Role of international and local banks in Turkey
  • Bureaucracy and documentation requirements
  • Payment processing and local PSP requirements
  • Overall outlook and long-term confidence in the Turkish market

Banks discussed in this report include: Bank Mendes Gans, JP Morgan, Garanti, TEB, Citi, and ING

 

Topics covered in this report: 
Accounting Measurements, Bank Relationships, Cash Pooling - domestic, Notional Pooling, Funding, Cash Repatriation, Cash Pooling - cross border, Investments, Funding, Working Capital, Tax, PSP, FX, Hedging FX, Inflation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, BNP Paribas, Bank Mendes Gans, ING, TEB, Garanti BBVA, Citi

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Bank Relationships & Cash Management in China

Report date: 
7 May 2025

To read this commentary please Register or Log In.

CXC reports are based on confidential peer discussions between senior corporate treasurers sharing their solutions to complex treasury challenges.

Our commentaries, comprising the key findings from the reports are FREE - simply register to access 150+ commentaries and receive new commentaries direct to your inbox.

Our reports are packed with practical, experience based learning allowing users to benchmark their operations and identify proven, actionable efficiencies - please get in touch for details.

Topics covered in this report: 
Cash Pooling - cross border, Cash Pooling - domestic, Bank Relationships, Bankers Acceptance Drafts, Money Market Funds, Investments
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Bank of America, Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of Ningbo, Citi, JP Morgan, Standard Chartered, HSBC, DBS, China Merchant Bank, ICBC, Union Pay, WeChat Pay, Alipay

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Corporate Treasury & FX in Argentina

Report date: 
7 Nov 2024

To read this commentary please Register or Log In.

CXC reports are based on confidential peer discussions between senior corporate treasurers sharing their solutions to complex treasury challenges.

Our commentaries, comprising the key findings from the reports are FREE - simply register to access 150+ commentaries and receive new commentaries direct to your inbox.

Our reports are packed with practical, experience based learning allowing users to benchmark their operations and identify proven, actionable efficiencies - please get in touch for details.

Topics covered in this report: 
FX, Hedging FX, Trapped cash, Cash Repatriation, Investments, Blue chip swap, Collections - domestic, Banking, Inflation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, BBVA, Citi, Grupo Financero Galicia

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Treasury FX & Banking in Nigeria

Report date: 
12 Jun 2023

Commentary

If a country ever deserved the term “Complex Country”, it has to be Nigeria. The country itself has a complex composition: it is made up of many varied ethnic groups who have a long history of strife between each other, including a very bloody civil war in the twentieth century. It has immense mineral wealth, especially oil, and some very crowded cities, which are often home to massive traffic jams. Despite the oil riches, the country has huge economic issues and a long history of exchange controls and significant devaluations – the naira has gone from parity with the US dollar in the 1970s to between 450 and 600 to the dollar today – depending on whether you use the official or the black market rate.

This brings us to one of the key challenges facing international companies operating in the country. The many regulations are applied in ways which are not always transparent, and there are many local players who show astounding creativity in finding ways round them. So the MNC’s dilemma: how do I make sure these solutions are truly legal before I use them?

In short, welcome to Africa.

Whatever the regulatory situation, Nigeria has a population of 80 million people, oil wealth, and a large diaspora. So it is an important market that is difficult to ignore. Participants all face the same issues:

  • Difficulty accessing foreign currency
  • Assessing various proposals, including brokers, private FX sales, buying offshore bonds
  • Trapped cash, and how to invest it
  • Which banks to deal with? Local banks are needed for collections in remote areas, and they usually
Please Login or Register to access the rest of this free commentary.
If you haven't previously Logged in but receive commentaries via email, simply use your email address to change your password to Log in.
Topics covered in this report: 
Hedging FX, Cash - deposits, Cash Repatriation, Trapped cash, Investments
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Citi, Crown Agents Bank, Standard Chartered, Stanbic Asset Management, United Capital, Zenith Bank, Guaranty Trust

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Treasury & Banking in Brazil

Report date: 
10 Mar 2023

Commentary

Brazil never disappoints: the term “complex country” applies to it in nearly every respect.

Apart from the usual updates to the constantly changing environment, the purpose of this call was to see whether there is any improvement in the economic situation (inflation has recently been even higher than usual), and whether there is any visible impact from  the recent political turmoil and change of government.

The bottom line is that it is very much business as usual. The Brazilian economy continues to perform well, even if inflation persists and interest rates remain high. However, inflation and interest rates do seem to be levelling off, and the BRL has been relatively stable recently. The country remains a main engine of growth for the LATAM region, and most participants have significant operations there – though everyone finds it to be a tough and highly competitive market.

Brazil is continuing its efforts to simplify its complex tax laws and currency regulations: most people are managing to do cross border intercompany loans, both in and out, and the taxes are being reduced or eliminated. In the meantime, of course, there are still some significant taxes on some types of transactions, and daily operations remain burdensome and complex.

The country is also making big strides in electronic payments: boletos are widely used, and come participants are beginning to use PIX, at least for receipts. Electronic boletos are increasingly supported by even the international banks.

Banking in Brazil is very competitive: many participants use Citi, with varying levels of satisfaction, while JPMorgan are viewed as being aggressive and increasingly

 

Please Login or Register to access the rest of this free commentary.
If you haven't previously Logged in but receive commentaries via email, simply use your email address to change your password & LogIn
Topics covered in this report: 
Hedging FX, FX, Funding, Investments, Collections - domestic, Tax, payroll, Offshore accounts
Service providers discussed in this report: 
JP Morgan, Citi, Banco de Brasil, Itau, Bradesco

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Treasury & FX in India

Report date: 
20 Feb 2023

Commentary

This Treasury Peer Call took place a few days after the announcement that India had officially overtaken China as the most populous country in the world. Given the increasing speculation that India might also replace China as the world’s fastest growing major economy, it seemed opportune to get a view on how things are developing.

All participants are bullish about their businesses in the country. Several already have significant operations, and most see major opportunities. The good news is that several participants are generating meaningful profits and cash – the bad news is that this creates issues in terms of cash investment and repatriation. And, of course, India is India – there are always plenty of regulations to navigate.

Main points and concerns:

  • For those companies who are generating cash, it is a challenge to invest it. Most retain a conservative approach, which means safe investments – these typically return a rate which is below inflation.
  • Cash repatriation is not without issues. The main vehicle is dividends: these attract withholding tax (the rate varies according to the jurisdictions), and are subject to complex tax rules. Cross border pooling is not allowed, and intercompany loans are subject to central bank approval.
  • Within India, cash pooling is
Please Login or Register to access the rest of this free commentary.
If you haven't previously Logged in but receive commentaries via email, simply use your email address to change your password & Log in
Topics covered in this report: 
Investments, Hedging FX, Cash Pooling - domestic, Supply Chain Finance, Intercompany loans, HR, Payments-digital, Funding, Cash Repatriation
Service providers discussed in this report: 
Barclays, JP Morgan, Bank of America, Citi, Standard Chartered, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, BNP Paribas, MUFG, ICICI, HDFC, Kotak Mahindra Bank

Please log in, or create a free account, to read the whole report summary.

Pages